by James Benstead
26 June 2005
Allen, R. E., ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 8th edn (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1991)
Burgess, Anthony, 1985 (London: Arrow, 1980)
Cowley, Malcolm, ed., Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews: First Series,(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977)
Orwell, George, Animal Farm (London: Penguin, 1987)
Orwell, George, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, ed. by SoniaOrwell and Ian Angus, 4 vols (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970)
Orwell, George, Homage to Catalonia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966)
Orwell, George, Keep the Aspidistra Flying (London: Penguin, 1989)
Orwell, George, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Penguin, 2000)
Hawkes, David, Ideology, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 2003)
Kunitz, Stanley J. and Howard Haycraft, eds, Twentieth Century Authors (New York: W. H.Wilson, 1942)
Lea, Daniel, ed., George Orwell: Animal Farm/Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Reader’s Guide toEssential Criticism (Cambridge: Icon, 2001)
Loughrey and Nahem Yousaf, eds, George Orwell (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998)
Lucas, Scott, The Betrayal of Dissent: Beyond Orwell, Hitchens and the New American Century(London and Sterling, VAL Pluto, 2004)
Meyers, Jeffrey, ed., George Orwell: The Critical Heritage (London and Boston, MA: Routledge &Kegan Paul, 1975)
Pittock, Malcolm, ‘The Hell of Nineteen Eighty-Four’, Essays in Criticism, April 1997 [accessed 21 March 2005]
Saunders, Frances Stonor, Who Paid the Piper?: the CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London:Granta, 1999)
Sedgwick, Peter, ‘Orwell: honesty, courage and faith in the “proles”’, Socialist Worker, 9 November1968 <http://www. marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1968/11/orwell.htm> [accessed 20 March 2005]
Stansky, Peter and William Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell (Frogmore: Paladin, 1974)
Suykerbuyk, Benoit, ed., Essays from Oceania and Eurasia: George Orwell and 1984: Papers Presented at the Orwell Conference, University of Antwerp, 11-13 November 1983 (Antwerp:Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, 1984)
Warburg, Fredric, All Authors Are Equal: The Publishing Life of Frederic Warburg, 1936-1971(London: Hutchinson, 1973)
i Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews: First Series, ed. by Malcolm Cowley (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), p. 126.
ii George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Penguin, 2000) p. 311.
iii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 312.
iv Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 312.
v Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 312.
vi Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 313.
vii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 324.
viii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 324.
ix Frank Winter, ‘Was Orwell a Secret Optimist?: The Narrative Structure of the Appendix to Nineteen Eighty-Four’, in Essays from Oceania and Eurasia: George Orwell and 1984: Papers Presented at the Orwell Conference, University of Antwerp, 11-13 November 1983, ed. by Benoit J. Suykerbuyk (Antwerp: Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, 1984), pp. 79-89 (p. 79).
x Winter, p. 80.
xi Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 325.
xii Winter, p. 87.
xiii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.55.
xiv Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.267.
xv Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.157.
xvi Alan Kennedy, ‘The Inversion of Form: Deconstructing 1984’, in George Orwell, ed. by Graham Holderness, Bryan Loughrey and Nahem Yousaf (Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998), pp. 76-96 (p. 78).
xvii Kennedy, pp. 92-93.
xvii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, pp. 280-281.
xix Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 281.
xx Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 282.
xxi Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 284.
xxii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 283.
xxiii Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 285.
xxiv Winter, p. 86.
xxv Kennedy, p. 94.
xxvi The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, ed. by R. E. Allen, 8th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 839.
xxvii The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, p. 839.
xxviii Peter Sedgwick, ‘Orwell: honesty, courage and faith in the “proles”’, Socialist Worker, 9 November 1968 <http://www. marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1968/11/orwell.htm> [accessed 20 March 2005] (para. 20 of 20).
xxix George Orwell, ‘Autobiographical Note’, in Twentieth Century Authors, ed. by Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft (New York: W. H. Wilson, 1942)
xxx Fredric Warburg, All Authors Are Equal: The Publishing Life of Frederic Warburg, 1936-1971 (London: Hutchinson, 1973), p. 103.
xxxi I. Anisimov, ‘Pravda Review of Nineteen Eighty-Four’, in George Orwell: The Critical Heritage, ed. by Jeffrey Meyers (London and Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975) pp. 282-83.
xxxii James Walsh, ‘Marxist Quarterly Review of Nineteen Eighty-Four’, in George Orwell: The Critical Heritage
xxxiii Samuel Sillen, ‘ Masses and Mainstream Review of Nineteen Eighty-Four’, in George Orwell: The Critical Heritage
xxxiv Malcolm Pittock, ‘The Hell of Nineteen Eighty-Four’, Essays in Criticism, April 1997 [accessed 21 March 2005] (para. 2 of 56).
xxxv Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper?: the CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta, 1999)
xxxvi George Orwell, ‘Letter to Francis A. Henderson (extract)’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, ed. by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, 4 vols (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), IV: In Front Of Your Nose, p. 564.
xxxvii George Orwell, ‘You and the Atom Bomb’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, IV, pp. 23-26 (p. 25).
xxxviii George Orwell, ‘As I Please’, Tribune, 21 July 1944, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, ed. by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, 4 vols (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), III: As I Please, pp. 219-223 (p. 221).
xxxix George Orwell, ‘James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, IV, pp. 192-215.
xl Orwell, ‘James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution’, p. 207.
xli Orwell, ‘James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution’, p. 214.
xlii George Orwell, ‘As I Please, Tribune, 14 January 1944, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, III, pp. 93-94 (p. 94).
xliii Orwell wrote of Nineteen Eighty-Four that he had ‘ballsed it up rather, partly owing to being so ill while I was writing it’; Orwell’s tuberculosis may account for some of what can be considered inconsistencies in the text. See: George Orwell, ‘Letter to Julian Symons’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, IV, p. 536.
xliv George Orwell, ‘Letter to Leonard Moore’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, IV, pp. 544-545 (p. 544).
xlv There are a number of motifs of hope and redemption in Nineteen Eighty-Four, including the Golden Country, Winston’s relationship with Julia, Winston’s realisation regarding his mother’s death and Emmanuel Goldstein and the Brotherhood. All of these can be seen to be destroyed by O’Brien in the interrogation scenes. However, O’Brien’s debunking of the idea that ‘hope lies in the proles’ is to some extent doubtable since it is dependent on his faulty identification of Winston’s ‘spirit of Man’ with Winston emaciated body.
